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文献考察：hypovolemiaとIVC
１）AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988 Feb;150(2):431-2.
The collapsed inferior vena cava: CT evidence of hypovolemia.
Jeffrey RB Jr, Federle MP.
In a review of 100 patients undergoing abdominal CT for blunt abdominal trauma, seven had flattening of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava at multiple levels. In six of these patients, emergency surgery was required to control major hemorrhage. Three patients had hypotension documented during or shortly after abdominal CT. Five patients had major intraabdominal injuries, and one patient had massive hemorrhage from facial lacerations. The severity of the blood loss was not fully appreciated clinically in five of the six patients before CT. The seventh patient had no clinical evidence of significant blood loss; in this case the flattened inferior vena cava probably was related to a normal variant. In a group of 100 patients scanned for nonacute conditions, none had flattening of the infrahepatic inferior vena cava at multiple levels. Presence of a collapsed inferior vena cava may be CT evidence of significant hypovolemia from major blood loss and should prompt careful hemodynamic and central venous pressure monitoring.PMID: 3257336
２）Am J Emerg Med. 2005 Jan;23(1):45-50.
Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a marker of blood loss.
Lyon M, Blaivas M, Brannam L.
Detecting and monitoring blood loss in trauma patients can often be challenging when an obvious source of hemorrhage is not readily seen. OBJECTIVE: To provide a noninvasive measurement of circulating blood volume and of drop therein by measuring the change in the inferior vena cava diameter (IVCd) in relationship to blood loss. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study on blood donors at a donation center. The IVCd, both during inspiration (IVCi) and during expiration (IVCe), was measured in volunteers both before and after blood donation of 450 mL. All actual blood donors aged 18 years and older were eligible for enrollment. Persons who were younger than 18 years, who declined to participate in the study, or who did not meet blood center criteria for blood donation were excluded. All examinations were performed in the supine position with the ultrasound transducer placed in a subxyphoid location. Sagittal sections of the IVC behind the liver were imaged and the maximal diameter of the IVCe and the minimal diameter of the IVCi were measured. Statistical analysis included test for normality, paired t test, and correlation analysis. RESULTS: A total of 31 volunteers (18 male) with a mean age of 49.5 years (range, 18-73) were studied. The mean IVCe before blood donation was 17.4 mm (95% CI, 15.2-19.7 mm) and after blood donation was 11.9 mm (95% CI, 10.3-13.6 mm). The mean IVCi before blood donation was 13.3 mm (95% CI, 11.3-15.3 mm), but after blood donation was 8.13 mm (95% CI, 6.7-9.6 mm). The difference between IVCe before and after blood donation (dIVCe) was 5.5 mm (95% CI, 4.3-6.3 mm) yielding a P
３）J Trauma. 2005 Apr;58(4):825-9.
Early diagnosis of hypovolemic shock by sonographic measurement of inferior vena cava in trauma patients.
Yanagawa Y, Nishi K, Sakamoto T, Okada Y.
BACKGROUND: The diameter of the inferior vena cava in trauma patients may be useful for evaluating hypovolemia. METHODS: Between June 2003 and September 2003, 35 injured patients transferred to the authors' hospital were prospectively investigated. They were divided into two groups: a shock group (n = 10) and a control group (n = 25). The maximum anteroposterior diameter of the inferior vena cava was measured using a sonography at arrival and on hospital day 5. RESULTS: The average diameter of the inferior vena cava in the shock group was significantly smaller than in the control group. There was no significant change in the diameter of the inferior vena cava in the control group, but significant change was seen in the shock group between arrival and hospital day 5. CONCLUSION: The diameter of the inferior vena cava was found to correlate with hypovolemia in trauma patients.PMID: 15824662
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